symbol include external
resources. "Additional Information" sections
are not part of the printed Water Measurement Manual.)(Section names followed by symbol include external
resources. "Additional Information" sections
are not part of the printed Water Measurement Manual.)
1. Introduction
2. Kinds of Flow
3. Basic Principles of Water Measurement
4. Discharge-Area-Velocity Relationships
5. Flow Totalization
6. Other Examples of Velocity Flow Measurement
Devices
7. Velocity Head Concept
8. Orifice Relationships
9. Thin Plate Weir Relationships
10. Energy Balance Flow Relationships
11. Hydraulic Mean Depth and Hydraulic Radius
12. Froude Number, Critical Flow Relationships
13. Discharge Equation for Broad-Crested
Rectangular Weirs
14. Application of Energy Principle to Tube-Type
Flowmeters
15. Equation Coefficients
16. Normal Flow Equations and Friction Head Loss
17. Approach Flow Conditions
18. Bibliography
1. Introduction
2. Definitions of Terms Related to Accuracy
3. Capability Terms
4. Comparison Standards
5. Examples of Calibration Approaches and Accuracy
Calculations
6. Bibliography
1. General Requirements
2. Types of Measuring Devices
3. Selection Considerations
4. Selection Guidelines
5. Bibliography
1. Background and Scope
2. Standard Devices Versus Nonstandard Devices
3. Approach Flow
4. Turbulence
5. Rough Water Surface
6. Velocity Head in Approach
7. Poor Flow Patterns
8. Exit Flow Conditions
9. Weathered and Worn Equipment
10. Poor Installation and Workmanship
11. Measuring Techniques Reducing Accuracy of
Measurement
12. Bibliography
1. Introduction
2. Datum of Gage
3. Measurement Method
4. Nonrecording Gages
5. Recording Gages
6. Installation of Water-Stage Recorders
7. Stilling Well Considerations
8. Setting the Datum
9. Operation, Maintenance, and Care of Water-Stage
Recorders
10. Bibliography
1. Background
2. Definition of Weirs
3. Weir Nomenclature and Classification
4. Different Sharp or Thin-Plate Weir Types
5. Conditions Needed for All Types of
Sharp-Crested Weirs
6. Partially and Fully Contracted Rectangular Weirs
7. V-Notch Weirs of Any Angle
8. Some Traditional Standard Irrigation Weirs
9. Standard Contracted Rectangular Weirs
10. Standard Suppressed Rectangular Weir
11. Fully Contracted Standard 90-Degree V-Notch
Weir
12. Cipolletti Weir
13. Special Weirs
14. Velocity of Approach Corrections
15. Weir Submergence
16. Weir Selection
17. Sharp-Crested Weir Construction and
Installation
18. Care of Weirs
19. Bibliography
1. General
2. Flume Classes
3. Other Special Flumes
4. Submergence
5. Site Characteristics Related to Locating,
Selecting,
and Setting Flumes
6. Workmanship
7. Head Measurements
8. Long-Throated Measurement Flumes
9. Precomputed Design and Selection Tables for
Long-Throated
Flumes
10. Parshall Flumes
Additional
Information: Computing
Submerged Flow Corrections
11. Bibliography
1. Definition and Classification of Orifices
2. Advantages and Disadvantages
3. Fully Contracted Submerged Orifice
4. Conditions for Accuracy of Fully Contracted
Submerged
Rectangular Orifices
5. Discharge Through a Submerged Rectangular
Orifice
6. Dimensions for Fully Contracted Submerged
Rectangular
Orifices
7. Construction and Setting of Standard Fully
Contracted
Submerged Orifices
8. Discharge Adjustment for Contraction
Suppression in
Submerged Orifices
9. Requirements for Suppressed Submerged
Rectangular Orifices
10. Excess Velocity of Approach
11. Constant-Head Orifice (CHO) Turnout
12. Orifice Check Structures
13. Radial Gate Checks Used for Measuring Devices
14. Meter Gates
15. Bibliography
1. Introduction
2. Classes of Current Meters
3. Use of Current-Meter Gaging Stations
4. Location of Current-Meter Stations
5. Types of Current-Meter Measurements
6. Current-Meter Stations and Handling Equipment
7. Subclasses of Anemometer-Propeller Current
Meters
8. Wading Rods
9. Care of Propeller Meters
10. General Procedures and Precautions
11. Method of Measurement
12. Methods of Determining Mean Velocities
13. Computing Discharge
14. Simple Average Method
15. Midsection Method
16. Simpson's Parabolic Rule
17. Canal Discharge Curves
18. Gage Readings
19. Computations of Discharges
20. Rating Table
21. Daily and Monthly Discharges
22. Measuring Discharges From Pipes With Current
Meters
23. Bibliography
1. Transit-Time Acoustic Flowmeters
2. Theory
3. Available Technology
4. System Errors
5. Installation Considerations
6. Flowmeter Selection Guidelines
7. Open Channel Acoustic Flowmeters
8. Doppler-Type Acoustic Flowmeter
9. Cross-Correlation Ultrasonic Meter
10. Bibliography
Additional Information:
ADFM Velocity Profiler
1. General
2. Kinds of Tracers Used
3. General Methods of Application
4. Discharge Equations for Tracer Methods
5. Common Sources of Errors
6. Tracer-Velocity-Area Methods
7. Tracer-Dilution Methods
8. Bibliography
1. Introduction
2. Open Flow Propeller Meters
3. Deflection Meters
4. Measuring Controls for Canals
5. Calibration of Gates and Sluices
6. Slope-Area Method
7. The Pitot Tube
8. Accounting of Inflow and Outflow From Reservoir
Storage
9. Weir Sticks
10. Measurement by Floats
11. Bibliography
1. Introduction
2. General Comments on Pipeline Flowmeters
3. Differential Head Flowmeters
4. Propeller Meters
5. Bypass Meters
6. Magnetic Flowmeters
7. Deflection Meters
8. Variable-Area Meters
9. Vortex Flowmeter
10. Pitot Tube Velocity Measurements
11. Point Velocity Area Methods
12. California Pipe Method
13. Trajectory Methods
14. Small Tubes or Siphons
15. The Pressure-Time Method
16. Calibration of Turbines, Pumps, Gates, and
Valves
17. Acoustic Flowmeters
18. Bibliography